Hacking; dangerous effects on the society

Hacking; dangerous effects on the society Abstract Hacking is just like a cancer that has very dangerous effects on the society. Today in this modern world, where measures have been taken to improve the security level in the distributed systems hackers have found a way to crack into systems and take away information. In this paper, I will explain you few aspects of hacking that has caused of its existence and few techniques through which we can minimise this. What are the different issues and motivations that arise in a person that he opts for hacking? Is money, thrill or something to break the rules inspires the hacker to indulge into such acts are discussed in this paper. This paper also gives you an insight to consider how important the network security plays to avoid hackers to steal away information that is very confidential. Measures are to be taken in order to remove these possibilities. In recent years we have seen a drastic change in the field of IT, where electronic commerce, email, online shopping, online banking, information bank of numerous data, software development has improved leaps and bounds. As the technology has increased to new heights the hackers have found a way to get easy money. They find ways to get into government confidential files, personal banking details, steal away their money from the banks, implant a Trojan or virus into different computers to make them vulnerable to work. In this paper I have thrown some light on hackers skills, their perspective, their targets. Introduction Hacking according to oxford dictionary means to gain unauthorized access (to data in a computer). Banks defines hacking as something that boring mainframe computer operators did to improve performance and battle boredom. [1]. Here a bank focuses on boredom as the reason of hacking. Darlington believes hacking is not limited to accessing data or information but also includes an attack on the privacy of all people [5]. Almost all different opinions agree on the illegality of hacking. On the other hand the word hacker is the agent of hack or hacking and it was defined as a person who enjoys accessing files whether for fun, imposing power or the interest related to the accessed files or data according to Taylor [8]. While Marotta has a negative view of the hacker as a data lord, a barbarian who takes what he wants [9]. Himanen defines hacker as any person who performs illegal actions whether they were related to computer or not which means the usage of a device apart from its functionality. Seems hacking according to Himanen is related to any illegal or unauthorized action [7]. Clear from the definitions mentioned above that there is a controversy that encounters the judgment and definition of hacking, controversy aroused because its hard to decide exactly what the aim is behind hacking or how to know the mentality of the hacker. Thats why the ethics and motivation of hackers should be paid attention and discussed then understanding the hacker will be much easier. Who is the hacker? According to Taylor, Hacker can be anyone who has knowledge of things; he can be a graduate or a computer professional working at a multinational company. He can be one amongst us. A is part of the society, a computer professional who wants to use technology for his own benefit [11]. Hackers are experts and professional people who first enjoy the technology and through research and development they gain more interest and you never know when this curiosity of technology changes into crime. People must realise that the technology is good lest it is used for the countries benefit, but it has adverse affect when things turn upside down, that the hackers learn this technique in order to gain profits for themselves through illegal ways. Levy described hackers in regard to the history; she divided the life history of hackers into three generations: the first generation of hacking was made of experts of computer programming who never stopped improving their skills then misuse them, the secon d generation was made of computer hardware developers who found hacking and accessing data and information for free as an appealing idea while the third generation included developers of games architecture [8]. And I think the fourth generation of developers are those who know about computers and have just enough knowledge about computer programming. Pipkin classification of hackers depends on the functionality, in other words the classification depends on the way hacker interacts with what is being hacked. Hackers were classified into three different types; the first type is called In-house hacker. An in-house hackers actually works inside the company, who knows the system security, has access to all the features. His motivation to hacking might be because he wasnt recognised as a potential candidate for promotion or because he was betrayed by his fellow colleagues. The second type of hackers is a super hacker who doesnt interact with the system, but remotely monitors all the movements or the data transactions that are going on and depending on the situation and the amount of money that is being transferred he then changes that transaction into his account. And finally, comes the professional hacker, he is very strong and capable of getting any type of data from anywhere, he has the ability to manipulate things and change them t o his benefit, programming Trojans and software that get installed on the system through hidden window and then sits on the system[10]. Motivations behind Hacking: Hackers psychology and the fuel that encourages him/her to perform such illegal activities, also because hackers view about what they are doing is far different from our views as victims Furnell ([6] Pipkin, in his paper Halting the hacker, says the challenging part of the hackers personality as the biggest motivation; this means that the hacker feels the joy and excitement when hacking systems that are provided with the almost perfect security tools [10]. One of the main reasons for hacking is excitement where hackers find adrenalin rush to break the law, to find an easy access to earn money by hacking crucial information of the customers by creating unreal shopping websites and obtaining payment details, credit card details. Furnell judged hackers depending on the harm they cause whatever was their motivation, because hacking is a disease and should be removed so that the effect of hacker attacks will be minimized [6]. The motivations behind hacking are an issue that is discussed heavily due to the importance of understanding the An ethical hacker attempts to duplicate the intent and actions of malicious hackers without causing harm. Ethical hackers conduct penetration tests to determine what an attacker can find out about an information system, whether a hacker can gain and maintain access to the system, and whether the hackers tracks can be successfully covered without being detected. The ethical hacker operates with the permission and knowledge of the organization they are trying to defend and tries to find weaknesses in the information system that can be exploited. In some cases, to test the effectiveness of their information system security team, an organization will not inform their team of the ethical hackers activities. This situation is referred to as operating in a double blind environment. To operate effectively, the ethical hacker must be informed of the assets that should be protected, potential threat sources, and the extent to which the organization will support the ethical hackers efforts. Hacker and Ethical Hacker Characteristics and Operation: Hackers can be categorized into the three general classes of black hats, gray hats, and white hats. A black hat hacker or cracker has the necessary computing expertise to carry out harmful attacks on information systems. A gray hat is a hacker with a split personality. At times, this individual will not break the law and, in fact, might help to defend a network. At other times, the gray hat hacker reverts to black hat activities. The white hat individual usually has exceptional computer skills and uses his or her abilities to increase the security posture of information systems and defend them from malicious attacks. This individual might be an information security consultant or security analyst. Entities that perform ethical hacking functions for organizations usually fall into one of three categories: white hats, former black hats, and independent consulting organizations. The white hat ethical hacker has the appropriate computer skills and understanding of the black hat hacker mentality and methods. This person might be an independent consultant hired to perform ethical hacking activities. The former black hat hacker is, we might hope, reformed and brings actual black hat experience to his or her work. There is a concern about this individual in that you can never be certain that he or she will not revert to their former malicious activities. The third category of ethical hacker is taken by consulting companies that perform a variety of services for organizations including accounting, auditing, and information system security. Related Types of Computer Crime and attack: Different kind of hacking attacks are considered as computer crimes. The following is the list of crimes which are committed frequently: Password Hacking. Hackers find a way to illegally hack into the passwords of users of federal bureau, banks in order to gain benefits from them. Network intrusions. Malicious Trojan, worms and viruses to gain access into the information systems. Cheat. Illegal use of people identities such as credit card details. Software piracy. Illegal copying and use of software Viruses. Viruses, Trojan horses and worm cause the computers to become more vulnerable and susceptible to hardware damage. IP address spoofing. Disguising the IP address and using that to gain illegal access into countries most confidential files. Money Laundering Illegally acquiring funds through the manipulation and falsification of financial statements and illegal transactions. Data-modification. The modifying all the data. Smuggling of files. Gain illegal access of confidential files including bodies like military/government networks, communication systems, power grids, and the financial community Pipkin lists a number of hacking attacks that are most commonly used in breaking system and causing disruption and damage for services. These attacks can be summarized as following [10]: Software piracy is a criminal offense. Many hackers have indulged in making copies of software and selling them to gain profits on their own. The companies who develop these software will have to bare all the losses only because of someone who is illegally misusing software. Stealing confidential files through illegal access of the companies most confidential files. Hackers have many such motives, few of them like denial of services to the user and to make hardware conflict, making unwanted popup, causing trouble, terrorism. Taylor listed the main characteristics of hacking attacks in three points [8]: Simplicity: means that the attack should be simple in appearance but the effects are impressive and the results will be as pleasing to the hacker as what he planned for. It means that do your job in a smart and easy way. Mastery: the methods used in hacking contain sophisticated knowledge which is difficult for anyone to understand. The reason behind mastery is to make sure that the hacker is the only one who can solve the problem being caused. Illicitness: means that the act is against all rules and laws. Conclusion: Earlier hackers were considered to be genius because they helped in many ways in the development of computers and internet technology as such, but in this modern world where personal benefit has played a major importance in ones life, people are often attracted to things they can do and gain through illegal entry into people privacy and using for their own benefits. Different motivations and opinions have been discussed in this paper, but if we consider them as a person they are a live example of genius because of their abilities of doing the unbelievable and unachievable by getting more involved into the programming and understanding the loop holes in the security systems. I think because of these, scientists and researchers have spent lots of technology to improve the systems security and make them more secure so that no illegal access can be gained. In my own view understanding the different perspective of a hacker, we can develop a much more secure and much more sophisticated environment and provide a safer world for transactions and online shopping. The bad things of them should be taken into good only to benefit our country and its progress. Bibilography: Banks, Michael A. (1997), Web psychos, stalkers, and pranksters: How to protect yourself online. Arizona (USA). Chakrabati, Anirban and Manimaran, G. (2002), Internet infrastructure security: A Taxonomy, IEEE Network, November/December 2002, P.13. CNET (2001), FBI hack raises global security concerns Crucial paradigm (2003), Hacking attacks-How and Why. Darlington, R (2001), Crime on the net Furnell, Steven. (2002), Cybercrime: Vandalizing the information society, Boston; London: Addison-Wesley. Himanen, Pekka. (2001), The hacker ethic and the spirit of information age, Great Britain. Levy, Hacker: Heroes of the computer revolution, Hackers: Crime in the digital sublime. Hackers: Crime in the digital sublime Halting the hacker: A practical guide to computer security Taylor, Paul A. (1999), Hackers: Crime in the digital sublime, London.

Was Bill Cosby right or wrong?

Bill Cosby’s address at the NAACP on the 50th anniversary of the Brown v. Board of education was definitely a shock to the black community, as well as the nation. Bill Cosby was a comedian, and a figure that was looked up to in the black community, however this speech ruined his career and reputation. Bill Cosby’s speech split up the black community into two. One side strong believed in what Bill Cosby said and agrees with him, while the other side disagrees with him and despises him. This speech impacted the black community very much, and even ruined his reputation, however I believe that he said was true.Although, he expressed it in a cruel way that left you cringing in your seat, it is very much true and action should be taken. His speech was the last speech of the night that shocked the audience and left them speechless. In this speech, Bill Cosby talks about the generations’ problems and what the parents need to do to fix this. This generation has teenagers dropping out of school, ending up in jail and not having a future. This is not the child’s fault but the parents neglecting their child and not setting those standards. There is a huge difference in respect and behavior now and what it was back then.Back then you would not do inappropriate things because it would embarrass your mother, and your family. Nowadays, parents would just say, â€Å"You are getting your butt kicked,† or â€Å"You are going to get smacked. † This is not discipline, but a threat that does not work, nor teaches your child anything. Children need to be taught respect and values, instead of being spoiled constantly and dependent. Bill Cosby implies that the Brown v. Board of Education was not won to see teenagers dropping out of school, but to have successful and independent individuals. I strongly believe in what Bill Cosby said is true.There is such a high dropout rate and where do they would they end up? Working part time jobs, or in jail . As a mother watches her son go to jail, she is crying, but the question is, where were you in his life? Where did he get this influence from? Where was his father? A child needs guidance, they cannot be alone in the world without guidance because what would they do? They would not know how to do anything without learning. A parent should always be in their child’s life, and as they get older to see them become independent and not have to worry over them. Dorothy Heights went through so much even just to walk to the school.She needed national guards protecting her from whites that would spit and throw things at her. Then teenagers now are complaining about classes and whining constantly. Bill Cosby is not trying to degrade you or make you seem like you are the worst parent in the world. He is just telling parents that neglect their child to step it up, and teach their children to do well in school, or to be successful in the future. When you do not teach your child, or encou rage them, or set standards for them they will fall and not have that support to get back on their feet to keep trying. Why?Because they are not getting that support they need. Bill Cosby did not say this speech for no reason; he is making a point that the black community did not go through the civil rights era to see a fifty percent dropout rate, or failures. They went through the civil rights era to see the future leaders, to see strong independent individuals, and to see them become successful in life. You would say that his speech was definitely harsh on the black community and inappropriate to say at an anniversary of this court case, however I can understand why he would say his speech this way.Sometimes when you want people to take action and tell them the truth you are going to have to say it harshly because it is the only way it is going to stick in their minds. It is hard to send a message and take that message and take action upon it. He uses a lot of heinous phrases that makes you cringe, but it makes you think. It makes you think am I doing my job as a parent? Am I there for my child when they need it? He uses these anecdotes and questions to have you reflect and think about your family and the black community as a whole. He wants you to see the truth and what is happening in this generation.I understand that his speech should have been happy because it is the last speech at the night, but he is trying to say the truth that not everything is well in the black community. He wants to show you that the civil rights era did not happen for nothing, but it was for black rights. Teenagers in the black community nowadays are taking that for granted and do not think about that, but shrug it off as if it was not important. It may be harsh, but I know he said this to send a message to parents to be there for their children and not to spoil them with clothes and such, but to spoil them in education to be successful.Bill Cosby’s speech talks about the f aults of black society and the reasons for it and what should be fixed. There is such a high dropout rate and no one is doing anything to stop those dropouts from happening. Where are the parents that prevent that? Bill Cosby is proving this point that parents need to step it up and stop spoiling their children. They need to get an education for their children because it is hard to succeed in life without having an education. I strongly agree with Bill Cosby because it is not just in black society, but also in the nation. I see a lot of students nowadays disrespectful towards adults and their parents.I see students that ditch school and act like that is nothing. It is hurting themselves as well as their family. Having an education is leading you up to be successful, it is your own life and you choose your path. You do not choose a path for your parents, but for yourself because you want to be able to buy things and have a family. This needs to be taught by parents though and standar ds need to be set and support needs to be there for the child. The black community is split in two between agreeing with Bill Cosby and disagreeing with him. I am on the side that agrees, and I support Bill Cosby all the way.

Future of Nursing Essay

Nursing career is one of the few fastest growing fields in the health care industry, not only in the United States, but also in the world. Nurse practice has drastically changed in the last decade and as a result the need for changes in nursing practice is becoming more and more important. The Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA) will place many demands on health professionals and offer them many opportunities to create a system that is more patient centered. The legislation has begun the long process of shifting the focus of the U.S. health care system away from acute and specialty care. Nurses should achieve higher levels of education and training through an improved education system that promotes seamless academic progression. The education system should provide nurses with the tools needed to evaluate and improve standards of patient care, and the quality and safety of care while preserving fundamental elements of nursing education, such as ethics and integrity and holistic, compass ionate approaches to care. The system should ensure nurses’ ability to adapt and be flexible in response to changes in science, technology, and population demographics that shape the delivery of care. An improved education system is necessary to ensure that the current and future generations of nurses can deliver safe, quality, patient-centered care across all settings, especially in such areas as primary care and community and public health. Enactment of the ACA offers a myriad of opportunities for the nursing profession to facilitate improvements to the health care system and the mechanisms by which care is delivered across various settings. System-wide changes are needed that capture the full economic value of nurses and take into account the growing body of evidence that links nursing practice to improvements in the safety and quality of care. The Joint Commission, the leading independent accrediting body for health care organizations, believes that â€Å"the future state of nursing is inextricably linked to the strides in patient care quality and safety that are critical to the success of America’s health care system, today and tomorrow†. Given the crucial role of nurses with respect to the quality, accessibility, and value of care, the nursing profession itself must undergo a fundamental transformation if the committee’s vision for health care is to be realized. The committee formulated four key messages for transforming the nursing profession: Nurses should practice to the full extent of their education and training. Nurses should achieve higher levels of education and training through an improved education system that promotes seamless academic progression. Nurses should be full partners, with physicians and other health professionals, in redesigning health care in the United States. Effective workforce planning and policy making require better data collection and an improved information infrastructure. A transformed system will need nurses with the adaptive capacity to take on reconceptualized roles in new settings, educating and reeducating themselves along the way- which are indispensible characteristics of effective leadership. Whether on the front lines, in education, or in administrative positions and health policy roles, nurses have the well-grounded knowledge base, experience, and perspective needed to serve as full partners in health care redesign. Nurses’ unique perspectives are derived from their experiences in providing direct, hands-on patient care; communicating with patients and their families about health status, medications, and care plans; and ensuring the linkage between a prescribed course of treatment and the desired outcome. In care environments, being a full partner involves taking responsibility for identifying problems and areas of waste, devising and implementing a plan for improvement, tracking improvement over time, and making necessary adjustments to realize established goals. The transformation of nursing practice that results from the IOM’s Future of Nursing report recommendations will have a profound, long-term effect on the profession of nursing. Nursing informatics professionals are uniquely positioned to aide in this transformation, as the management of individual and organizational change is core to its practice. By removing the barriers in the scope of education, implementing nurse residency programs, and building an infrastructure for the collection and analysis of interprofessional healthcare workforce data. . Technology will continue to be a fundamental enabler of future care delivery models and nursing informatics leaders will be essential to transforming nursing practice through technology. The following are the HIMSS recommendations for Nursing Informatics: Partner with nurse executives to lead technology changes that advance health and the delivery of healthcare. Support the development of informatics departments. Foster the evolution of the Chief Nursing Informatics Officer role. Transform nursing education to include informatics competencies and demonstrable behaviors at all levels of academic preparation. Promote the continuing education at all levels of nursing, particularly in the areas of EHRs and health IT. ïÆ'ËœEnsure that data, information, knowledge and wisdom form the basis of 21st century nursing practice by incorporating informatics competencies into practice standards in all healthcare settings. Facilitate the collection and analysis of interprofessional healthcare workforce data by ensuring data can be collected from existing heath IT systems. The transformation of nursing practice that results from the IOM’s Future of Nursing report recommendations will have a profound, long-term effect on the profession of nursing.

The And Martin Luther King - 2263 Words

hr and Martin Luther King were seekers of justice and embraced liberal protestant outlooks early on. The similarities in their theology, while not surprising as King derived much of his material from Niebuhr, proved to be uncanny in that they both concerned themselves with how the church should operate within society, the way love should be implemented in the ethics of individuals, and social change brought forth by nonviolence. Niebuhr’s quest for justice was in result to the horrific events he witnessed in World War I and World War II. King’s, on the other hand, was in result to the economic and racial injustices he experienced. While the catalyst in each theologian’s beliefs differed, their shared views on justice, nonviolence to an extent, and God offer a resource for Christians today in understanding their place in society. Pertaining to the ideas of love and justice, Niebuhr prescribed to the belief that in order for perfect justice to arise, the moral imagination of others must seek to meet the needs of fellow individuals. Because â€Å"The love of God is an impartial goodness beyond good and evil,† true justice in Niebuhr’s mind will never be reached on earth. â€Å"The Christian gospel which transcends all particular and contemporary social situations can be preached with power only by a church which bears its share of the burdens of immediate situations in which men are involved, burdens of establishing peace, of achieving justice, and of perfecting justice in the spiritShow MoreRelatedMartin Luther King1610 Words   |  7 PagesMartin Luther King The most important person to have made a significant change in the rights of Blacks was Martin Luther King. He had great courage and passion to defeat segregation and racism that existed in the United States, and it was his influence to all the Blacks to defy white supremacy and his belief in nonviolence that lead to the success of the Civil Rights movement. Martin Luther King was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia where the city suffered most of the racial discriminationRead MoreMartin Luther King975 Words   |  4 Pagesmore than just present the speech that we all are familiar with had moral values that he stood for and was the leader of many civil right movements. This man is known as Martin Luther King. He was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. Martin Jr.’s parents were Reverend Martin Luther King, Sr. and Alberta Williams King. King Jr.’s father and his grandfather were both ministers and Martin’s mother was a school teacher. He had a sister by the name of Christine and a brother by the name of AlfredRead MoreMartin Luther King Qualities1327 Words   |  6 Pagesmade Martin Luther King to become a great leader in civil rights movement. Martin Luther King was a social activist and Baptist minister who led the civil rights movement from the mid-1950s to 1960s. According to the website called Martin Luther King Jr.-Biography, Martin Luther king was grad uated from high school when he was fifteen. After getting his B. A. Degree from Morehouse, the B. D. from Crozer and then he got his doctor’s degree from Boston University. This shows that Martin Luther KingRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr.1078 Words   |  5 PagesMartin Luther King, Jr., was a very strong person, constantly fighting for what he believed in, which was equality for African Americans. He was not scared to stand up and tell the world what he wanted for society. He was fearless and did everything in his power to prove a point. Martin Luther King, Jr., was the strongest individual of his time, for he fought until death, which proves how much he was willing to risk his life to make the world an equal place. Growing up, he had a very interestingRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr.867 Words   |  4 Pagespeople, one of them is Martin Luther King Jr. He made the world a better place for black citizens by doing non-violence movements and marched the way to freedom. Martin Luther King Jr. was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta Georgia as Michael King Jr., but changed his name to Martin Luther King Jr. in honor of Protestant Martin Luther. Through his activism, King played a pivotal role in ending the legal discrimination of African American citizens. During his childhood, Martin Jr.’s father stronglyRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr.1144 Words   |  5 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. (January 15 1929-April 4, 1968) Brief Summary (of who MLK Jr. is): Martin Luther King Jr. was a Baptist minister and an activist who led the civil rights movement in the 1950. He was a fundamental force behind the civil rights movement that ended legal segregation. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. But he was sadly assassinated in 1968 on a second floor balcony of Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee†¦ Childhood: Martin Luther was never poor. He lived with a middleRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr1395 Words   |  6 Pages Dr. Martin Luther King Jr Martin Luther King Jr. was a revolutionary man. He spoke of non-violent ways to create a fair and equal society. He preached that all men are the same and created equal no matter the color of your skin. He was a great public speaker and reached many people in his speeches. Martin King even got to speak to thousands of people at the footsteps of the Lincoln Memorial where he spoke these words. I have a dream that my four little childrenRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr1194 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Simmons 1 Gabrielle Simmons Mrs. Fitzgerald Social Studies 8A 4/27/10 Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Jr. is a well known and an inspiring man to all cultures of the world. King was and still is one of the most influential heroes. King s views and believes helped African Americans through the 50 s and 60 s to the rights and liberties that was their right. King faced many obstacles on his journey, things like jail and even assassination attempts. Despite these obstacles,Read MoreDr. Martin Luther King874 Words   |  4 PagesDr. Martin Luther King, Jr. writes this letter as a response to the clergymen, who criticized and impeded the nonviolent campaign led by King in Birmingham. In his long letter, Marin Luther King presents a good deal of rational reasons for why the nonviolent campaign should be done in Southern America. He also demonstrates his unmovable determination to accomplish the goal of this nonviolent campaign. Obviously, King intends to awake the clergymen and other opponents by this touching letter. FromRead MoreMartin Luther King Essay758 Words   |  4 PagesMartin Luther King I have chosen to write about a prominent, black Christian who is very well known to us today. Martin Luther King was born on January the 15th, 1929 when inequality and racism between blacks and whites was still a normal part of life. He grew up as the son of a Christian minister in Georgia. As the grandson of the Rev. A.D.Williams, and the son of Martin Luther King Sr, King’s roots were in the African – American Baptist Church. As a young boy